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The rugby club London Irish was founded . Almost 100 years later, it became a fully professional club, just in time to join the inaugural season of the Premiership, England’s top tier of rugby union.

But now, after 25 years in the Premiership, London Irish  for being unable to provide the sport’s governing body with “financial assurances”. Essentially, it had too much debt and was unable to pay its own staff and players.

London Irish is not alone in its loss of Premiership status. Two other clubs,  and  have already gone into  and been expelled this season.

Three teams being booted out of the top tier in less than a year signifies a major problem in English rugby. So are other clubs at risk? And is professional rugby union even economically viable?

Certainly the current finances of the Premiership teams do not inspire confidence. According to the latest , all of the 13 clubs that started the 2022-23 season made a loss last year.

Eight of them had negative equity, meaning that they were technically insolvent and being subsidised by their owners. Worcester and London Irish were among that group, while Wasps had healthy equity (club value), but a relatively .

Their woes are just the latest in rugby union’s long . And while there have been efforts to bring stability to the sport’s finances, such as controlling costs through salary caps, clearly the problem has not been solved.

There was also a lucrative sounding partnership between the Premiership and a  in 2019 which gave clubs a cash injection of more than £200 million in exchange for a 27% share of the organisation. But this money provided a one-off short-term boost to club finances, and .

All rugby clubs have three main sources of income: ticket sales on match days, sponsorship and broadcasting. Matchday income is the most important – but it varies from match to match, with  weekend attendance this past season.

The sponsorship income can also vary and depends on interest from fans. Sponsors also like stability, so clubs being at risk of collapse affects their arrangements because cancelled fixtures (when an opposition team has gone into administration for example) and uncertainty about the viability of the league as a whole make investing risky.

On the broadcasting side of things, rugby union was comparatively late to professionalise. Other sports such as football and golf had already locked themselves in the main broadcasters’ sporting calendar when rugby came to the table in the late 1990s. As a result, rugby’s broadcast revenue is fairly low (£40 million a year for rugby’s Premiership compared to £1.6 billion for Premier League football).

Another vital issue that rugby faces is a lack of integration within the sport itself. For example, English club football has an international break to allow players to turn out for their national teams at various points in the year.

Premiership rugby, on the other hand, continues during events like the hugely popular  tournament, which diminishes club squads and viewer numbers. This affects all three types of revenue.

Where Premiership rugby does have an advantage over other team sports is the , which means results are rarely predictable. This is good for broadcasters, as it makes it more exciting and appealing for viewers.

But next season will not be very exciting for the loyal fans of London Irish, Wasps and Worcester Warriors. After the last two went into administration in 2022, the UK government launched a  to address concerns around the sport. Independent advisers have  to work on the stability of rugby.

This is not the first time the UK government have got involved in sport. In football, the proposed  was a reaction to the fragile state of club finances. When we looked in detail into the  in 2022, we found similar problems to the ones being seen in rugby.

Put simply, to achieve economic viability and improve revenue from all three income streams, rugby union needs to evolve in a way which encourages growth and attracts more interest. New audiences are vital, such as those seen recently . Targeting younger audiences through social media would help too, as would working to shed rugby’s .

For now, though, participation in  – which is bad news, as research shows that people who play a sport are more .

If that trend continues, the business side of rugby will struggle – and more clubs with proud histories will end up paying the ultimate penalty. 

 is the Director of Postgraduate Courses in the Accounting and Financial Management subject group at Portsmouth Business School in the Faculty of Business and Law.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons Licence. .